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For other uses, see Bohemia (disambiguation)Bohemia (There is no distinction in the Czech language between adjectives referring to Bohemia and to the Czech Republic; i.e.
český means both
Bohemian and
Czech.; ) is a Historical regions of Central Europe, occupying the western two thirds of the traditional
Czech Lands, currently the Czech Republic. In its broader meaning, it is often used to refer to the whole country, including Moravia and Czech SilesiaThe Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 especially in historical contexts.
It has an area of 52,750 Square kilometre and 6.25 million of the Czech Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. Bohemia is bordered by
Germany to the southwest, west, and northwest,
Poland to the north-east, the Czech historical region of Moravia to the east, and Austria to the south. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains (Germany), and the Giant Mountains within the
Sudeten mountains.
History
in orange.
Ancient Bohemia
Ancient Rome authors provide the first clear reference to this area as
Boiohaemum, (
Boio-heim)
Germanic languages for "the home of the
Boii," a
Celtic people. As part of the territory often crossed during the Migration Period by major Germanic tribes and
Slavic peoples tribes, the western half was conquered and settled from the 1st century BC by Germanic (probably
Suebic) peoples including the Marcomanni. This precipitated the Boii to take flight and undergo a folk movement away towards the West to modern Switzerland and southeastern Gaul. Those Boii that remained in the eastern part were eventually absorbed by the Marcomanni. After the migration of the Marcomanni, renamed the Bavarians, to the southwest, they were replaced around the sixth century by the Slavic precursors of today's
Czech people.
Přemyslid dynasty
After freeing themselves from the rule of the
Eurasian Avars in the seventh century, Bohemia's Slavic inhabitants came (in the ninth century) under the rule of the
Přemyslid dynasty, which continued until 1306. With Bohemia's conversion to
Christianity in the ninth century, close relations were forged with the East Franks kingdom, then part of the so-called
Carolingians empire, later the nucleus of the
Holy Roman Empire of which Bohemia was an autonomous part from the tenth century.
The first to use the title of "
Monarch of Bohemia" were the Přemyslid dukes Vratislav II of Bohemia (1085) and Vladislav II of Bohemia (1158), but their heirs again used the title of
duke. The title of king became hereditary (1198) under Ottokar I of Bohemia. His grandson
Ottokar II of Bohemia (king from 1253–1278) founded a short-lived empire which covered modern Austria. The mid-thirteenth century saw the beginning of substantial German immigration as the court sought to replace losses from the brief Mongol invasion of Europe in 1241. The Germans settled primarily along the northern, western, and southern borders of Bohemia, although many lived in towns throughout the kingdom.
Luxembourg dynasty
The House of Luxembourg came to the Bohemian throne with the crowning of
John I of Bohemia in 1310. Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor became King of Bohemia in 1346 and founded
Charles University in Prague, central Europe's first university, two years later. His reign brought Bohemia to its peak both politically and in total area, resulting in his being the first King of Bohemia to be elected as
Holy Roman Emperor. Under his rule the
Bohemian crown controlled such diverse lands as Moravia, Silesia, Upper Lusatia and
Lower Lusatia,
Brandenburg, an area around Nuremberg called New Bohemia, Luxembourg, and several small towns scattered around Germany.
Hussite Bohemia
During the ecumenical
Council of Constance in 1415, Jan Hus, the Rector#Academic rectors of Charles University and a prominent reformer and religious thinker, was sentenced to be burnt at the stake as a
Heresy. The verdict was passed despite the fact that Hus was granted formal protection by Emperor
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor prior to the journey. Hus was invited to attend the council to defend himself and the Czech positions in the religious court, but with the emperor's approval, he was executed on
July 6 1415. The execution of Hus, as well as a papal
crusade against heretics like the
Hussites and
John Wycliffe, outraged the Czechs. Their ensuing rebellion against Roman Catholics became known as the
Hussite Wars.
The largely peasant uprising against imperial forces was led by a former mercenary,
Jan Žižka of Trocnov. As the leader of the Hussite armies, he utilized innovative tactics and weapons, such as howitzers, pistols (from Czech
píšťala, the flute), and
Wagenburg, which were revolutionary for the time and established Žižka as a great general.
After Žižka's death,
Prokop the Great took over the command for the army, and under his lead the Hussites were victorious for another ten years, to the sheer terror of Europe. The Hussite cause gradually splintered into two main factions, the moderate
Utraquisms and the more fanatic
Taborites. After the
Utraquists reunited with the Catholic Church, they were able to defeat the Taborites in the
Battle of Lipany in 1434. Sigismund said after the battle that "only the Bohemians could defeat the Bohemians."
Despite the victory, the Bohemian Utraquists were still in the position to negotiate freedom of religion in 1436. This happened in the so-called Basel Compacts, declaring peace and freedom between Catholics and Utraquists. It would only last for a short period of time, as
Pope Pius II declared the Basel Compacts to be invalid in 1462.
In 1458, George of Podebrady was elected to ascend to the Bohemian throne. He is remembered for his attempt to set up a pan-European "Christian League", which would form all the states of Europe into a community based on religion. In the process of negotiating, he appointed
Leo of Rozmital to tour the European courts and to conduct the talks. However, the negotiations were not completed, because George's position was substantially damaged over time by his deteriorating relationship with the Pope.
Habsburg Monarchy
After the death of King
Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Archduke Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor of
Austria became King of Bohemia and the country became a constituent state of the Habsburg Monarchy.
Bohemia enjoyed religious freedom between 1436 and 1620, and became one of the most liberal countries of the Christian world during that period of time. In 1609, Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor who made
Prague again the capital of the
Holy Roman Empire at the time, himself a Roman Catholic, was moved by the Bohemian nobility to publish
Maiestas Rudolphina, which confirmed the older
Confessio Bohemica of 1575.
After Emperor Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor began oppressing the rights of Protestants in Bohemia, the resulting Czech rebellion resulted in the outbreak of the
Thirty Years' War in 1618. Elector Frederick V, Elector Palatine of the Electoral Palatinate, a Protestant, was elected by the Bohemian nobility to replace Ferdinand on the Bohemian throne, and was known as the
Winter King. Frederick's wife, the popular
Elizabeth Stuart and subsequently Elizabeth of Bohemia, known as the Winter Queen or Queen of Hearts, was the daughter of King James I of England. However, after Frederick's defeat in the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, 26 Bohemian estates leaders together with the Jan Jesenius, rector of the
Charles University of Prague were executed on the Prague's Old Town Square and the rest were exiled from the country; their lands were then given to Catholic loyalists (mostly of Bavarian and Saxon origin), this ended the pro-reformation movement in Bohemia and also ended the role of
Prague as ruling city of the
Holy Roman Empire.
Until the so-called "renewed constitution" of 1627, the German language was established as a second official language in the Czech lands. The Czech language remained the first language in the kingdom. Both German and Latin were widely spoken among the ruling classes, although German became increasingly dominant, while Czech was spoken in much of the countryside.
The formal independence of Bohemia was further jeopardized when the Bohemian Diet approved administrative reform in 1749. It included the indivisibility of the Habsburg Monarchy and the centralization of rule; this essentially meant the merging of the Royal Bohemian Chancellery with the Austrian Chancellery.
At the end of the eighteenth century, the
Czech lands: 1648-1867#1790 – 1848/1890 "National Revival", in cooperation with part of the Bohemian aristocracy, started a campaign for restoration of the kingdom's historic rights, whereby the Czech language was to replace German as the language of administration. The enlightened absolutism of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, who introduced minor language concessions, showed promise for the Czech movement, but many of these reforms were later rescinded. During the
Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas, many Czech nationalists called for autonomy for Bohemia from Habsburg Austria, but the revolutionaries were defeated. The old Bohemian Diet, one of the last remnants of the independence, was dissolved, although the Czech language experienced a rebirth as
romantic nationalism developed among the Czechs.
In 1861, a new elected Bohemian Diet was established. The renewal of the old Bohemian Crown (Kingdom of Bohemia, Margraviate of Moravia, and Duchy of Silesia) became the official political program of both Czech liberal politicians and the majority of Bohemian aristocracy ("state rights program"), while parties representing the German minority and small part of the aristocracy proclaimed their loyalty to the centralistic Constitution (so-called "Verfassungstreue"). After the defeat of Austria in the
Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Hungarian politicians achieved the
Ausgleich (compromise) which created
Austria-Hungary in 1867, ostensibly creating equality between the Austrian and Hungarian halves of the empire. An attempt of the Czechs to create a tripartite monarchy (Austria-Hungary-Bohemia) failed in 1871. However, the "state rights program" remained the official platform of all Czech political parties (except for social democrats) until 1918.
Twentieth century
After
World War I, Bohemia became the core of the newly-formed country of Czechoslovakia, which combined Bohemia, Moravia,
Austrian Silesia, Upper Hungary (present-day
Slovakia) and Carpathian Ruthenia into one state. Under its first president, Tomáš Masaryk, Czechoslovakia became a rich and liberal democratic republic.
Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, the border regions of Bohemia inhabited predominantly by ethnic Germans (the Sudetenland) were annexed to
Nazi Germany; this was the only time in Bohemian history that its territory was divided. The remnants of Bohemia and Moravia were then annexed by Germany in 1939, while the Slovak lands became the Slovak Republic (1939-1945), a client state of Nazi Germany. From 1939 to 1945 Bohemia (without the Sudetenland) formed with Moravia the German
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (
Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren). After
World War II ended in 1945, the vast majority of remaining Germans were Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after World War II through the Beneš decrees.
Beginning in 1949, Bohemia ceased to be an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia, as the country was divided into
regions of the Czech Republic. In 1989, Agnes of Bohemia became the first saint from a Central European country to be canonized by
Pope John Paul II before the "
Velvet Revolution" later that year. After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 (the "
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia"), the territory of Bohemia became part of the new Czech Republic.
The Czech constitution from 1992 refers to the "citizens of the Czech Republic in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia" and proclaims continuity with the statehood of the Bohemian Crown. Bohemia is not currently an administrative unit of the Czech Republic. Instead, it is divided into the Prague, Central Bohemian Region, Pilsen Region,
Carlsbad Region,
Ústí nad Labem Region, Liberec Region, and
Hradec Králové Region Regions of the Czech Republic, as well as parts of the Pardubice Region, Vysočina Region,
South Bohemian Region and South Moravian Region Regions.
See also
References
External links
For other uses, see Bohemia (disambiguation)Bohemia (There is no distinction in the
Czech language between adjectives referring to Bohemia and to the Czech Republic; i.e.
český means both
Bohemian and
Czech.; ) is a Historical regions of Central Europe, occupying the western two thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Czech Republic. In its broader meaning, it is often used to refer to the whole country, including Moravia and
Czech SilesiaThe Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 especially in historical contexts.
It has an area of 52,750
Square kilometre and 6.25 million of the Czech Republic's 10.3 million inhabitants. Bohemia is bordered by Germany to the southwest, west, and northwest, Poland to the north-east, the Czech historical region of Moravia to the east, and Austria to the south. Bohemia's borders are marked with mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the
Ore Mountains (Germany), and the Giant Mountains within the
Sudeten mountains.
History
in orange.
Ancient Bohemia
Ancient Rome authors provide the first clear reference to this area as
Boiohaemum, (
Boio-heim)
Germanic languages for "the home of the Boii," a Celtic people. As part of the territory often crossed during the Migration Period by major Germanic tribes and Slavic peoples tribes, the western half was conquered and settled from the 1st century BC by Germanic (probably Suebic) peoples including the
Marcomanni. This precipitated the Boii to take flight and undergo a folk movement away towards the West to modern Switzerland and southeastern Gaul. Those Boii that remained in the eastern part were eventually absorbed by the Marcomanni. After the migration of the Marcomanni, renamed the Bavarians, to the southwest, they were replaced around the sixth century by the Slavic precursors of today's Czech people.
Přemyslid dynasty
After freeing themselves from the rule of the Eurasian Avars in the seventh century, Bohemia's Slavic inhabitants came (in the ninth century) under the rule of the
Přemyslid dynasty, which continued until 1306. With Bohemia's conversion to
Christianity in the ninth century, close relations were forged with the East
Franks kingdom, then part of the so-called Carolingians empire, later the nucleus of the Holy Roman Empire of which Bohemia was an autonomous part from the tenth century.
The first to use the title of "Monarch of Bohemia" were the Přemyslid dukes
Vratislav II of Bohemia (1085) and Vladislav II of Bohemia (1158), but their heirs again used the title of
duke. The title of king became hereditary (1198) under Ottokar I of Bohemia. His grandson Ottokar II of Bohemia (king from 1253–1278) founded a short-lived empire which covered modern Austria. The mid-thirteenth century saw the beginning of substantial German immigration as the court sought to replace losses from the brief Mongol invasion of Europe in 1241. The Germans settled primarily along the northern, western, and southern borders of Bohemia, although many lived in towns throughout the kingdom.
Luxembourg dynasty
The House of Luxembourg came to the Bohemian throne with the crowning of
John I of Bohemia in 1310.
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor became King of Bohemia in 1346 and founded Charles University in Prague, central Europe's first university, two years later. His reign brought Bohemia to its peak both politically and in total area, resulting in his being the first King of Bohemia to be elected as Holy Roman Emperor. Under his rule the
Bohemian crown controlled such diverse lands as Moravia, Silesia,
Upper Lusatia and Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, an area around Nuremberg called New Bohemia, Luxembourg, and several small towns scattered around Germany.
Hussite Bohemia
During the ecumenical Council of Constance in 1415, Jan Hus, the Rector#Academic rectors of Charles University and a prominent reformer and religious thinker, was sentenced to be burnt at the stake as a
Heresy. The verdict was passed despite the fact that Hus was granted formal protection by Emperor
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor prior to the journey. Hus was invited to attend the council to defend himself and the Czech positions in the religious court, but with the emperor's approval, he was executed on July 6 1415. The execution of Hus, as well as a papal crusade against heretics like the
Hussites and John Wycliffe, outraged the Czechs. Their ensuing rebellion against Roman Catholics became known as the
Hussite Wars.
The largely peasant uprising against imperial forces was led by a former mercenary, Jan Žižka of Trocnov. As the leader of the Hussite armies, he utilized innovative tactics and weapons, such as howitzers, pistols (from Czech
píšťala, the flute), and Wagenburg, which were revolutionary for the time and established Žižka as a great general.
After Žižka's death, Prokop the Great took over the command for the army, and under his lead the Hussites were victorious for another ten years, to the sheer terror of Europe. The Hussite cause gradually splintered into two main factions, the moderate
Utraquisms and the more fanatic
Taborites. After the
Utraquists reunited with the Catholic Church, they were able to defeat the Taborites in the Battle of Lipany in 1434. Sigismund said after the battle that "only the Bohemians could defeat the Bohemians."
Despite the victory, the Bohemian Utraquists were still in the position to negotiate freedom of religion in 1436. This happened in the so-called Basel Compacts, declaring peace and freedom between Catholics and Utraquists. It would only last for a short period of time, as Pope Pius II declared the Basel Compacts to be invalid in 1462.
In 1458, George of Podebrady was elected to ascend to the Bohemian throne. He is remembered for his attempt to set up a pan-European "Christian League", which would form all the states of Europe into a community based on religion. In the process of negotiating, he appointed Leo of Rozmital to tour the European courts and to conduct the talks. However, the negotiations were not completed, because George's position was substantially damaged over time by his deteriorating relationship with the Pope.
Habsburg Monarchy
After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in the
Battle of Mohács in 1526, Archduke Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor of Austria became King of Bohemia and the country became a constituent state of the
Habsburg Monarchy.
Bohemia enjoyed religious freedom between 1436 and 1620, and became one of the most liberal countries of the Christian world during that period of time. In 1609, Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor who made
Prague again the capital of the Holy Roman Empire at the time, himself a Roman Catholic, was moved by the Bohemian nobility to publish
Maiestas Rudolphina, which confirmed the older
Confessio Bohemica of 1575.
After Emperor
Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor began oppressing the rights of Protestants in Bohemia, the resulting Czech rebellion resulted in the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War in 1618. Elector
Frederick V, Elector Palatine of the Electoral Palatinate, a Protestant, was elected by the Bohemian nobility to replace Ferdinand on the Bohemian throne, and was known as the Winter King. Frederick's wife, the popular
Elizabeth Stuart and subsequently Elizabeth of Bohemia, known as the Winter Queen or Queen of Hearts, was the daughter of King
James I of England. However, after Frederick's defeat in the
Battle of White Mountain in 1620, 26 Bohemian estates leaders together with the
Jan Jesenius, rector of the Charles University of Prague were executed on the Prague's Old Town Square and the rest were exiled from the country; their lands were then given to Catholic loyalists (mostly of Bavarian and Saxon origin), this ended the pro-reformation movement in Bohemia and also ended the role of Prague as ruling city of the Holy Roman Empire.
Until the so-called "renewed constitution" of 1627, the German language was established as a second official language in the Czech lands. The Czech language remained the first language in the kingdom. Both German and Latin were widely spoken among the ruling classes, although German became increasingly dominant, while Czech was spoken in much of the countryside.
The formal independence of Bohemia was further jeopardized when the Bohemian Diet approved administrative reform in 1749. It included the indivisibility of the
Habsburg Monarchy and the centralization of rule; this essentially meant the merging of the Royal Bohemian Chancellery with the Austrian Chancellery.
At the end of the eighteenth century, the Czech lands: 1648-1867#1790 – 1848/1890 "National Revival", in cooperation with part of the Bohemian aristocracy, started a campaign for restoration of the kingdom's historic rights, whereby the Czech language was to replace German as the language of administration. The
enlightened absolutism of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, who introduced minor language concessions, showed promise for the Czech movement, but many of these reforms were later rescinded. During the Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas, many Czech nationalists called for autonomy for Bohemia from Habsburg Austria, but the revolutionaries were defeated. The old Bohemian Diet, one of the last remnants of the independence, was dissolved, although the Czech language experienced a rebirth as romantic nationalism developed among the Czechs.
In 1861, a new elected Bohemian Diet was established. The renewal of the old Bohemian Crown (Kingdom of Bohemia, Margraviate of Moravia, and Duchy of Silesia) became the official political program of both Czech liberal politicians and the majority of Bohemian aristocracy ("state rights program"), while parties representing the German minority and small part of the aristocracy proclaimed their loyalty to the centralistic Constitution (so-called "Verfassungstreue"). After the defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Hungarian politicians achieved the
Ausgleich (compromise) which created
Austria-Hungary in 1867, ostensibly creating equality between the Austrian and Hungarian halves of the empire. An attempt of the Czechs to create a tripartite monarchy (Austria-Hungary-Bohemia) failed in 1871. However, the "state rights program" remained the official platform of all Czech political parties (except for social democrats) until 1918.
Twentieth century
After World War I, Bohemia became the core of the newly-formed country of Czechoslovakia, which combined Bohemia,
Moravia, Austrian Silesia, Upper Hungary (present-day
Slovakia) and Carpathian Ruthenia into one state. Under its first president,
Tomáš Masaryk, Czechoslovakia became a rich and liberal democratic republic.
Following the
Munich Agreement in 1938, the border regions of Bohemia inhabited predominantly by ethnic Germans (the Sudetenland) were annexed to Nazi Germany; this was the only time in Bohemian history that its territory was divided. The remnants of Bohemia and Moravia were then annexed by Germany in 1939, while the Slovak lands became the Slovak Republic (1939-1945), a client state of Nazi Germany. From 1939 to 1945 Bohemia (without the Sudetenland) formed with Moravia the German
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (
Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren). After World War II ended in 1945, the vast majority of remaining Germans were
Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after World War II through the Beneš decrees.
Beginning in 1949, Bohemia ceased to be an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia, as the country was divided into regions of the Czech Republic. In 1989,
Agnes of Bohemia became the first saint from a Central European country to be canonized by
Pope John Paul II before the "Velvet Revolution" later that year. After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 (the "
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia"), the territory of Bohemia became part of the new
Czech Republic.
The Czech constitution from 1992 refers to the "citizens of the Czech Republic in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia" and proclaims continuity with the statehood of the Bohemian Crown. Bohemia is not currently an administrative unit of the Czech Republic. Instead, it is divided into the
Prague, Central Bohemian Region,
Pilsen Region,
Carlsbad Region,
Ústí nad Labem Region, Liberec Region, and
Hradec Králové Region Regions of the Czech Republic, as well as parts of the Pardubice Region, Vysočina Region, South Bohemian Region and
South Moravian Region Regions.
See also
References
External links
Bohemia Bar and Restaurant | Jersey Channel Islands
Bohemia Bar and Resturant in Jersey, Jerseys only Michelin Star Resturant ... Welcome to Bohemia's website where you can see samples of our set lunch menu, a la carte menu and ...
Bohemia::
Bohemia was to play a pivotal role in the outbreak of the Thirty Years War. Bohemia had been an area known to be religiously tolerant. The region was a mixture of Calvinists ...
Bar Bohemia home
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Tent, marquee & yurt hire from LPM Bohemia
Comprehensive range of tents, marquees and yurts for hire or purchase. Welcome to LPM Bohemia - The Tent Company... We have the most ...
Recruitment for hospitality, trade, homecare :: Bohemia King
Recruitment agency offer service to employers and workseekers in trade, hotel, catering, homecare and domestic staff placements in UK and EU.
AFC-Bohemia
AFC Bohemia. Bristol Downs League Third Division Champions 2007/2008. Welcome to the home of AFC Bohemia online. The website is regularly updated and contains information on the ...
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Offers garments, home decorations and organic cosmetics handcrafted in Latin America.
Welcome to Bohemia Galleries online
Doug Hyde, Terri Hallman, Gillygate, York Art Galleries, Whitewall Galleries
Bohemia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bohemia (Czech: Čechy; [1] German: Böhmen (help · info); Latin: Bohemia; Polish: Czechy) is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the ...
Press Page
Bohemia Bar and Resturant in Jersey, Jerseys only Michelin Star Resturant ... Press Page Tuesday 17th January 2006 Bohemia retains Michelin Star for 2006
